Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...included Sturdy steel tube and welded cab length top plate with e-coat resist corrosion 3-Year warranty Specs: Quantity: 2 nerf bars Dimensions: Tube diameter: 1-1/2" Drop: 4"...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...plastic parts that can fade or crack Custom, no-drill installation with included VersaTrac mounting kit Specs: Weight capacity: 500 lbs Board length: 91" Step width: 6-1/2" Quantity: 2 running...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars provide a solid step for entering and exiting your vehicle 5-1/2" Wide step area ensures a firm foothold Step pads with stamped-grid tread provide...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
These custom-fit, motorized running boards automatically deploy as your vehicle's doors open and retract when the doors close. Integrated LEDs enhance safety and visibility. Easy installation with included hardware and mounting brackets.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars provide a solid step for entering and exiting your vehicle 5-1/2" Wide step area ensures a firm foothold Step pads with stamped-grid tread provide...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
These 3" wide steps protect your vehicle's rocker panels and provide easy entry and exit. Flat-profile steps ride high to maintain ground clearance. No-drill installation with included hardware. Carbon steel with textured black powder coat.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Cab-length running boards create a reliable platform for entering and exiting your vehicle 6" Wide step area provides ample room to acquire a sturdy foothold Non-slip rubber grommets...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, oval nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Seamless, domed ends with 30-degree bends deliver a...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, oval nerf bars allow you to safely enter and exit your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Raised, extra-wide step pads ensure confident footing...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
These custom-fit award-winning nerf bars feature a notched bar design. The step pads are wider than on competitors' nerf bars and their die-stamped design provides strong traction. Steel construction with a textured black finish.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, oval nerf bars allow you to safely enter and exit your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Raised, extra-wide step pads ensure confident footing...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, round nerf bars help you to safely enter and exit your vehicle Raised, wide step pads ensure confident footing Slip-resistant, textured surface provides excellent...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Make your truck more accessible to friends and family with easy-to-install running boards. 5-1/2" wide non-skid boards sit close to your frame for a streamlined look and the anodized aluminum is easy to clean. Custom fit for your vehicle.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...3" Diameter, round nerf bars give you a step up into your cab Molded plastic step surface for secure footing Gloss black powder coat finish on bars blends with your OEM trim 90-Degree...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Boxy-style provides a rugged, yet streamlined look Boards run the entire length of your vehicle's cab Easy installation - no drilling required Custom mounting kit is included Specs: Step area width: 6"...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
Mounting brackets have several height settings, allowing you flexibility to set the boards where you prefer.
Optional Bracket Covers hide the bracket hardware for a clean, factory look. Sold separately in the amount needed for your vehicle's application.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Make your truck more accessible to friends and family with running boards and adjustable height mounting brackets. 5-1/2" Wide boards can be set at 4 different heights depending on your needs. Sporty design is custom fit for your vehicle.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
Mounting brackets have several height settings, allowing you flexibility to set the boards where you prefer.
Optional Bracket Covers hide the bracket hardware for a clean, factory look. Sold separately in the amount needed for your vehicle's application.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...superior slip-protection Help clear off mud and snow to keep your cab clean Run the entire length of your vehicle's cab Step boards mount close to your truck for a snug fit Provides a rugged, yet...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Make your truck more accessible to friends and family with running boards and adjustable height mounting brackets. 5-1/2" Wide boards can be set at 4 different heights depending on your needs. Sporty design is custom fit for your vehicle.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
Mounting brackets have several height settings, allowing you flexibility to set the boards where you prefer.
Optional Bracket Covers hide the bracket hardware for a clean, factory look. Sold separately in the amount needed for your vehicle's application.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...a snug fit Runs the entire length of your vehicle's cab Provides a rugged, yet streamlined look Easy bolt-on installation - no drilling required Custom mounting kit is included Specs: Step area...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...a snug fit Runs the entire length of your vehicle's cab Provides a rugged, yet streamlined look Easy bolt-on installation - no drilling required Custom mounting kit is included Specs: Step area...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Make your truck more accessible to friends and family with running boards and adjustable height mounting brackets. 5-1/2" Wide boards can be set at 4 different heights depending on your needs. Sporty design is custom fit for your vehicle.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
Mounting brackets have several height settings, allowing you flexibility to set the boards where you prefer.
Optional Bracket Covers hide the bracket hardware for a clean, factory look. Sold separately in the amount needed for your vehicle's application.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...superior slip-protection Help clear off mud and snow to keep your cab clean Run the entire length of your vehicle's cab Step boards mount close to your truck for a snug fit Provides a rugged, yet...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Make your truck more accessible to family and friends with easy-to-install running boards. 5-1/2" Wide non-skid boards sit close to your frame for a streamlined look and the anodized aluminum is easy to clean. Custom fit for your vehicle.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Make your truck more accessible with running boards and adjustable height mounting brackets. The 6" wide boards can be set at 4 different heights depending on your needs. Raised tread provides excellent traction. Custom fit for your vehicle.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
Mounting brackets have several height settings, allowing you flexibility to set the boards where you prefer.
Optional Bracket Covers hide the bracket hardware for a clean, factory look. Sold separately in the amount needed for your vehicle's application.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Make your truck more accessible with running boards and adjustable height mounting brackets. The 6" wide boards can be set at 4 different heights depending on your needs. Raised tread provides excellent traction. Custom fit for your vehicle.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...damage to your vehicle like door dings and scrapes Textured tread and Grip Assurance technology offer good traction Boxy-style provides a rugged, yet streamlined look Boards run the entire length of your...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...included Sturdy steel tube and welded cab length top plate with e-coat resist corrosion 3-Year warranty Specs: Quantity: 2 nerf bars Dimensions: Tube diameter: 1-1/2" Drop: 4"...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
The curved ends on these black powder coated steel steps give your vehicle a streamlined look. Fully enclosed ends prevent internal corrosion. Top-mounted, non-slip pads provide sure footing and rugged style.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
These custom-fit award-winning nerf bars feature a notched bar design. The step pads are wider than on competitors' nerf bars and their die-stamped design provides strong traction. Steel construction with a textured black finish.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, round nerf bars help you to safely enter and exit your vehicle Raised, wide step pads ensure confident footing Slip-resistant, textured surface provides excellent...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
These custom-fit award-winning nerf bars feature a notched bar design. The step pads are wider than on competitors' nerf bars and their die-stamped design provides strong traction. Steel construction with a textured black finish.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
The curved ends on these black powder coated steel steps give your vehicle a streamlined look. Fully enclosed ends prevent internal corrosion. Top-mounted, non-slip pads provide sure footing and rugged style.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...4" Wide, round nerf bar gives you a step up into your cab Molded plastic step surface for secure footing Gloss black powder coat finish on bars blends with your OEM trim 90-Degree...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...4" Wide, round nerf bar gives you a step up into your cab Molded plastic step surface for secure footing Gloss black powder coat finish on bars blends with your OEM trim 90-Degree...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...4" Wide, round nerf bar gives you a step up into your cab Molded plastic step surface for secure footing Gloss black powder coat finish on bars blends with your OEM trim 90-Degree...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Straight-style bars with squared edges offer rugged styling...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...footing Allows water, mud, ice, and snow to drain off step Cleans easily Sturdy steel construction Black NRT powder coat provides corrosion resistance Custom installation kit and 2 full-length step boards...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Running boards make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Extra-wide platform delivers a stable step surface 1-Piece, non-slip rubber pad runs the full length of each board for sure...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, round nerf bars help you to safely enter and exit your vehicle Raised, wide step pads ensure confident footing Slip-resistant, textured surface provides excellent...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length running boards provide a solid step for entering and exiting your vehicle 6-1/4" Wide steps provide greater stability than narrower steps or round bars Raised...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars make it easy to enter and exit your vehicle Wide step areas provide greater stability than narrower step pads on round bars Chiseled-style bars with angled...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
The curved ends on these affordably priced step bars give your vehicle a streamlined look. The non-slip step pads in these powder coated steel, 3" diameter bars sit in recessed areas instead of cutouts to inhibit internal corrosion.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
Tube steps are installed by attaching mounting brackets with the existing body mount bolts
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...3" Diameter, round nerf bars give you a step up into your cab Molded plastic step surface for secure footing Gloss black powder coat finish on bars blends with your OEM trim 90-Degree...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Cab-length running boards create a reliable platform for entering and exiting your vehicle 6" Wide step area provides ample room to acquire a sturdy foothold Non-slip rubber grommets...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars with built-in hoop steps make it easy to enter and exit your vehicle Steps descend 2" to minimize the step-up distance from the ground to your vehicle...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Cab-length running boards create a reliable platform for entering and exiting your vehicle 6" Wide step area provides ample room to acquire a sturdy foothold Non-slip rubber grommets...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars allow you to step into and out of your vehicle with ease Extra-wide bars provide greater stability than narrower round bars Straight-style bars with squared...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
The curved ends on these black powder coated steel steps give your vehicle a streamlined look. Fully enclosed ends prevent internal corrosion. Top-mounted, non-slip pads provide sure footing and rugged style.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...delivers maximum traction Runs the entire length of your vehicle's cab Low-profile design mounts close to your truck for a snug fit Provides a rugged, yet streamlined look 16-Gauge steel with a dual...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Enjoy easy access to your cab with these straight-style, custom-fit step bars with a step surface 3" lower than the standard R5 bars. Rugged square edges and hidden mounting brackets provide a seamless look. 5" step pads provide traction.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...footing Allows water, mud, ice, and snow to drain off step Cleans easily Sturdy steel construction Black NRT powder coat provides corrosion resistance Custom installation kit and 2 full-length step boards...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, oval nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Straight-style bars offer rugged styling Seamless, domed...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars make it easy to enter and exit your vehicle Wide step areas provide greater stability than narrower step pads on round bars Chiseled-style bars with angled...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, oval nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Straight-style bars offer rugged styling Seamless, domed...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars allow you to step into and out of your vehicle with ease Extra-wide bars provide greater stability than narrower round bars Straight-style bars with squared...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, oval nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Seamless, domed ends with 30-degree bends deliver a...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
Designed for models with 6-1/2' bed only
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Made of rustproof black powder coated aluminum, these straight-style, custom-fit step bars have rugged square edges, and their mounting brackets are hidden for a seamless look. 5" Wide step pads cover the bars to provide good traction.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars provide a solid step for entering and exiting your vehicle 5-1/2" Wide step area ensures a firm foothold Step pads with stamped-grid tread provide...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...footing Allows water, mud, ice, and snow to drain off step Cleans easily Sturdy steel construction Black NRT powder coat provides corrosion resistance Custom installation kit and 2 full-length step boards...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Rectangular holes help clear off mud and snow to keep your cab clean Runs the entire length of your vehicle's cab Step boards mount close to your truck for a snug fit Provides a rugged, yet streamlined look...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
Mounting brackets have several height settings, allowing you flexibility to set the boards where you prefer.
Optional Bracket Covers hide the bracket hardware for a clean, factory look. Sold separately in the amount needed for your vehicle's application.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...streamlined look Board runs the entire length of your vehicle's cab Easy installation - no drilling required Custom mounting kit is included Specs: Step area width: 6" Weight capacity: Mounting hole...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
Mounting brackets have several height settings, allowing you flexibility to set the boards where you prefer.
Optional Bracket Covers hide the bracket hardware for a clean, factory look. Sold separately in the amount needed for your vehicle's application.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
These custom-fit, motorized running boards automatically deploy as your vehicle's doors open and retract when the doors close. Integrated LEDs enhance safety and visibility. Easy installation with included hardware and mounting brackets.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
Make your truck more accessible to family and friends with easy-to-install running boards. 5-1/2" Wide non-skid boards sit close to your frame for a streamlined look and the anodized aluminum is easy to clean. Custom fit for your vehicle.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation.
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, oval nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Seamless, domed ends with 30-degree bends deliver a...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
Designed for models with 6-1/2' bed only
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Cab-length, oval nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Curved ends of step bars give a finished, street-style look Non-slip...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, round nerf bars allow you to safely enter and exit your vehicle Raised, extra-wide step pads ensure confident footing Slip-resistant, textured surface provides...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Cab-length, oval nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Curved ends of step bars give a finished, street-style look Non-slip...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...3" Diameter, round nerf bars give you a step up into your cab Molded plastic step surface for secure footing Gloss black powder coat finish on bars blends with your OEM trim 90-Degree...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Weight capacity: 350 lbs Quantity: 2 running boards 3-Year warranty Go off-roading in style and easily step into and out of your cab with these rugged 6-1/2" wide running boards. The indented louvers...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Specs: Tubing width: 6" Bar length: 85" Front step pad dimensions: 5" wide x 33" long Rear step pad dimensions: 5" wide x 18" long Step pad quantity: 2 per bar Quantity: 2...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Specs: Tubing width: 6" Bar length: 85" Front step pad dimensions: 5" wide x 33" long Rear step pad dimensions: 5" wide x 18" long Step pad quantity: 2 per bar Quantity: 2...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length, oval nerf bars make it easy to get into and out of your vehicle Greater stability than narrower round bars Seamless, domed ends with 30-degree bends deliver a...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Board length: 76" Weight capacity: 350 lbs Quantity: 2 running boards 3-Year warranty Go off-roading in style and easily step into and out of your cab with these rugged 6-1/2" wide running...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length nerf bars make it easy to enter and exit your vehicle Wide step areas provide greater stability than narrower round bars Sleek, sturdy style matches the body lines of...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Cab-length running boards create a reliable platform for entering and exiting your vehicle 6" Wide step area provides ample room to acquire a sturdy foothold Non-slip rubber grommets...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
The curved ends on these affordably priced step bars give your vehicle a streamlined look. The non-slip step pads in these powder coated steel, 3" diameter bars sit in recessed areas instead of cutouts to inhibit internal corrosion.
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
Tube steps are installed by attaching mounting brackets with the existing body mount bolts
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...width: 4" Bar length: 85" Step pad dimensions: 4" wide x 1/2" tall Step pad quantity: 2 per bar Quantity: 2 tube steps 3-Year warranty...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...width: 4" Bar length: 85" Step pad dimensions: 4" wide x 1/2" tall Step pad quantity: 2 per bar Quantity: 2 tube steps 3-Year warranty...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Tube Step Specs:
Features:
...Custom-fit, cab-length running boards provide a solid step for entering and exiting your vehicle 6-1/4" Wide steps provide greater stability than narrower steps or round bars Raised...
Installation Notes:
No drilling required for installation
More Information >Videos
for Nerf Bars - Running Boards
Help Articles
for Nerf Bars - Running Boards
Expert Answers
for Nerf Bars - Running Boards
Hey Mark, so the correct Blue Ox base plate kit to use with the Blue Ox Ascent tow bar part #BX4375. is the part #BLU53FR. For lighting you can use #C96JR, and not have to worry about cutting into the taillight housing as this plugs inline with the…
view full answer...The difference between the Class II and Class III hitches has to do with their Gross Trailer Weight (GTW), their Tongue Weight (TW), and their Hitch Receiver Size. Class II trailer hitch receivers have a 1-1/4 inch receiver and can be rated up to…
view full answer...It's either the exhaust, fuel tank, or both that causes a hitch to fit a diesel model and not a gas one. Like you said the frame…
view full answer...The OEM prep package consists of 4 "pucks" in the bed of…
view full answer...Hi Rene; I'm sure it's frustrating to have the mirror fall off,…
view full answer...Yes it is possible to put a platform rack on your 2024 Toyota RAV4 with the panoramic roof, and the Yakima LockNLoad is a great choice. Fitment will just depend on what kind of rails are on the roof of your car. For factory flush mounted rails you…
view full answer...Hi Jeff; thanks for the question and sturdy is definitely a good word for the etrailer tonneau that fits your 2022 Ram 1500 with a 5-1/2 foot bed, the etrailer Hard Tonneau Cover #e35DR.…
view full answer...Thank you for the photo of your 2019 Ram 1500 Classic! The quad cab has smaller doors for the rear while the crew cab has full-sized doors for the rear so I agree that you have the crew cab model which means the Aries Round Nerf Bars -…
view full answer...Hi Darrell; there is a pair of Aries ActionTrac that fit your 2019 Silverado 2500 but the #AA3025165 are too short. What you need for your truck is the #AA3047902. This comes with…
view full answer...Hey Michael, thanks for reaching out! The EcoHitch #EH57FR sits a little higher than the Curt #C52NR so it will give you better ground clearance for your 2024 Chevy Silverado 2500. The EcoHitch is a bit more recessed into the front bumper than the…
view full answer...For your 2010 Chevy Colorado the tube step fits we have depend on the cab style you have. You said you have 4 doors which would normally indicate you have a crew cab which is what the #23-3155 is designed to fit. If instead you actually have an…
view full answer...Hello Ronald, No, the SLT and AT4 are different submodels of the 2023 GMC Acadia. I can verify for you that there are running board fits for your 2023 GMC Acadia AT4, though, from Aries. I checked with the manufacturer to confirm this for you, and…
view full answer...